Aurora guides
The science behind the forecast, how to plan a trip around it, and how to actually photograph what you see. Start with what the Kp index isif you're new to aurora forecasting, or jump to whatever's relevant below.
Basics
How Aurora Forecasts Actually Work (and Why They Are Only 30-90 Minutes Ahead)
Aurora forecasts have a genuine, hard limit on how far ahead they can be reliable. Here is how a forecast like this one is actually built, layer by layer, and why anyone promising precise predictions days out is overselling it.
The NOAA G-Scale Explained: G1 to G5 Geomagnetic Storms
NOAA rates geomagnetic storms on a G1-to-G5 scale, similar in spirit to hurricane categories. Here is what each level means, how it maps to the Kp index, what it actually takes to reach one, and how it relates to the two other NOAA space weather scales.
What Is the Kp Index? A Plain-English Guide
The Kp index is the single number most aurora forecasts lead with. Here is what it actually measures, where it comes from, and why it is a blunt instrument rather than a precise prediction.
The science
Coronal Holes and Recurrent Geomagnetic Storms
Not every aurora display comes from a dramatic solar eruption. Coronal holes drive a steadier, more predictable kind of geomagnetic activity that recurs roughly every 27 days — here is how they work, in detail.
Do Aurora Affect Power Grids? Geomagnetically Induced Currents Explained
The same geomagnetic storms that produce a beautiful aurora display can also induce real currents in long-distance power infrastructure and buried pipelines. Here is how that actually works, the rate-of-change threshold that matters, and how seriously to take it.
How to Read a Solar Wind Plot: Bz, Bt, Speed and Density
The real-time solar wind data behind every aurora forecast comes down to four numbers: Bz, Bt, speed and density. Here is what each one means, which one to watch first, and how to read a specific combination.
Solar Cycle 25, Solar Cycle 26, and What They Mean for Aurora Chasers
The Sun runs on a roughly 11-year activity cycle that directly drives how often strong aurora displays happen. Here is what actually causes that cycle, where Solar Cycle 25 stands, what a solar maximum actually changes, and what comes next.
STEVE, Airglow, and Other Things That Are Not the Aurora
Not every glowing ribbon or faint sky colour on a clear night is the aurora. Here is how to tell the real thing apart from STEVE, airglow, satellite trains, and a handful of other look-alikes.
Substorms Explained: Why the Aurora Suddenly Erupts
The sudden, dramatic brightening that makes for a genuinely memorable aurora display has a name and a specific physical cause: a substorm. Here is the current wedge, the competing models of how it starts, and what actually happens during one.
What Is a CME? Coronal Mass Ejections Explained
Coronal mass ejections are the single biggest driver of major geomagnetic storms and the aurora displays that come with them. Here is what they are, how they travel, and why their arrival time is so hard to pin down.
Why Is the Aurora Green, Red and Pink? The Physics of Aurora Colour
Aurora colour comes down to which gas is glowing, at what altitude, and how energetically it was struck. Here is the actual atomic physics behind green, red and pink displays -- forbidden transitions, collisional quenching, and why cameras see more colour than your eyes do.
Trip planning
How the Moon Affects Aurora Viewing
A bright moon can genuinely wash out a faint aurora display. Here is how much it actually matters in measurable terms, when it does not, and how to plan around the lunar calendar.
Planning an Aurora Trip: How Many Nights Do You Actually Need?
The single biggest factor in whether an aurora trip succeeds is trip length, not destination choice. Here is how to think about it honestly, with the actual probability arithmetic rather than marketing promises.
Reading a Cloud Forecast for Aurora Viewing
Cloud cover, not the Kp index, is the most common reason aurora trips come up empty. Here is how to actually read a short-range cloud forecast, which cloud types matter most, and how to use satellite imagery to make a real-time decision.
The Aurora Australis: A Southern Hemisphere Viewing Guide
The aurora australis follows the same physics as its northern counterpart, but Southern Hemisphere geography -- and the offset of the south magnetic pole -- make it a genuinely different, generally harder-won experience. Here is what is actually different, and where to go.
The Best Time of Night to See the Aurora
There is a real, well-documented statistical pattern to when aurora displays peak overnight — here is what it is, why it happens in the magnetotail, why dawn hours differ from midnight hours, and how much you should actually plan around it.
What to Wear for Aurora Viewing at -20°C to -30°C
Standing still outdoors for an hour or more at flagship aurora temperatures is a different challenge from walking around in the cold. Here is how to actually layer for it, what wind chill really does, and the warning signs worth knowing.
Photography
Aurora Photography: Camera Settings That Actually Work
A practical, non-jargon-heavy starting point for photographing the aurora with a mirrorless or DSLR camera — settings, the "500 rule" for star trails, gear, and the mistakes that ruin most first attempts.
Photographing the Aurora on a Phone
Modern phone cameras can genuinely capture the aurora, with real limitations worth knowing before you rely on one. Here is how to get the best result, RAW capture, manual apps, and what to expect versus a dedicated camera.